Nickel-based alloys are also referred to as ni-based superalloys due to their outstanding strength, heat resistance and corrosion resistance. The face-centered crystal structure is a distinctive feature of ni-based alloys, since nickel operates as a stabilizer for the austenite.
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Common additional chemical elements to nickel-based alloys are chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, iron and tungsten.
Two of the most established nickel-based alloys families are Inconel® and Hastelloy®. Other notable manufacturers are Waspaloy®, Allvac® and General Electric®.
The most common Inconel® nickel-based alloys are:
Hastelloy® nickel-based alloys are known for their resistance against acids. The most common ones are:
Nickel-based alloys are known for their excellent mechanical properties, such as corrosion resistance and high temperature stability. However, almost no work piece can last forever, no matter how splendid the material. To prolong lifespan of parts, nickel based alloys can be treated with BoroCoat®, our diffusion treatment to significantly improve corrosion and wear resistance as well as provide stability against oxidants.
The diffusion layers of BoroCoat® improve surface hardness to up to HV while maintaining a diffusion layer of 60 µm. The wear resistance is considerably improved, as is proven by the pin on disc test. While the wear depth of untreated nickel-based alloys increases the longer the pin rotates, ni-based alloys with BoroCoat® display consistent low wear depth throughout the test.
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Alloys with a nickel basis are often used in challenging environments that demand good resistance against high and low temperatures, oxidation/corrosion and high strength. This is why applications include but are not limited to: turbine engineering, power plant technology, chemical industry, aerospace engineering and valves/fittings.
Not all metals can be mixed with nickel, but some of the most common elements are iron, chromium, aluminum, molybdenum, copper, cobalt, and titanium. To make nickel alloys, youd have to follow the same process used for pretty much every other metal alloy. The alloying elements need to be decided on, and their ratios need to be carefully chosen. Once thats done, the elements are all melted together in something like an arc furnace, which also purifies them, and then the alloy is cast into ingots, and off to be formed using either cold or hot processing.
Its believed that the first nickel alloy was used in 200 BCE in China. Thats the earliest record available, and the material was referred to as white copper, which experts believe was an alloy of nickel and silver. Fast forward to , A. F. Cronstedt, a German scientist, managed to isolate nickel from the niccolite mineral. Copper and zinc were often found in these first nickel alloys, which came to be known as German silver and werent really used for anything other than ornaments.
After James Riley made an iron-chromium alloy in , W. H. Hatfield figured out that adding nickel to these alloys would make them incredibly corrosion-resistant. This led to the creation of what we now know as austenitic stainless steel.
Here are the main characteristics of nickel alloys:
Its generally quite hard to differentiate nickel alloys from other types of metals. Nickel alloys can seem slightly dull when their surface is rough, but when its smooth, they can be shiny and reflective. Heres an example of what copper-nickel alloy rods look like:
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