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Engineered stone is a composite material made of crushed stone bound together by an adhesive to create a solid surface. The adhesive is most commonly polymer resin, with some newer versions using cement mix. This category includes engineered quartz (SiO2), polymer concrete and engineered marble stone.[1] The application of these products depends on the original stone used. For engineered marbles the most common application is indoor flooring and walls, while the quartz based product is used primarily for kitchen countertops[2] as an alternative to laminate or granite.[3] Related materials include geopolymers and cast stone. Unlike terrazzo, the material is factory made in either blocks or slabs, cut and polished by fabricators, and assembled at the worksite.
Engineered stone kitchen countertops with undermount sink and cooktop installed. Tops are cut and polished at the fabricator's shop.Engineered stone is also commonly referred to as agglomerate or agglomerated stone, the last term being that recognised by European Standards (EN ), although to add to the terminological confusion, this standard also includes materials manufactured with a cementitious binder.[citation needed] The quartz version (which end consumers are much more likely to directly deal with) is commonly known as 'quartz surface' or just 'quartz'.[4]
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Breton S.P.A., a privately held company of Treviso, Italy, that developed the large-scale Breton method in s,[1] is the dominant supplier of equipment for making engineered stone.[citation needed] Although Breton was the original manufacturer of moulding equipment and still holds multiple international patents on the process, there are now several other companies producing similar machinery.
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99.9% pure silica in grits and powder form constitutes 90&#;93% of the body by weight dispersed in a matrix of unsaturated polyester resin (7&#;10%) mixed with peroxide catalyst and cobalt accelerator which facilitates the curing of the thermoset at ambient temperature. The cured material is normally kept for 24&#;48 hours before polishing and finishing absorbers are also dosed into the chemical mix to inhibit the discoloration as a result of reaction of unsaturated polyester resin with UV light. Engineered quartz stones manufactured by using unsaturated polyester resins are characterized by low water absorption, superior chemical durability, high hardness, flexural strength and good thermal shock resistance compared to granite and marble.[5]
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Compaction by vibrocompression vacuum process uses elastomeric molds in which a crushed stone/resin mix is cast on a moving belt. The mixture of approximately 93% stone aggregates and 7% polyester resin by weight (66% quartz and 34% resin by volume) is heated and compressed under vacuum in a large press. The vibration helps compact the mixture and results in an isotropic slab with virtually no porosity.[1] Engineered stone is then processed in basically the same manner as its natural counterpart.
Some companies import boulders themselves to crush into agglomerates (stone powders) of various grain size for their products, others simply buy already-crushed stone powders.
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Engineered stone is typically worked in the same way as natural stone using a water jet cutter or a diamond blade. This is in contrast with solid surface materials which can be cut with regular saws.[6]
The material can be produced in either 12 mm, 20 mm or 30 mm thicknesses. The most common slab format is mm x mm for Quartz and mm x mm for Breton-based marbles, but other sizes like mm x mm are produced according to market demand.
Engineered stone is non porous,[7] more flexible, and harder than many types of natural stone. Since it has a uniform internal structure, it does not have hidden cracks or flaws that may exist in natural stone and also has a color/pattern consistency from slab to slab.[8] Polyester resin binding agents allow some flexibility, preventing cracking under flexural pressure. But, the binding agents often continue to harden, leading to a loss of flexural strength over time. The polyester resins are not completely UV stable and engineered stone should not be used in outdoor applications.[9] Continuous exposure to UV can cause discoloration of the stone, and breakdown of the resin binder.
The material is sometimes damaged by direct application of heat. Quartz engineered stone is less heat resistant than other stone surfaces including most granite, marble and limestone; but is not affected by temperatures lower than 150 °C (300 °F). Quartz engineered stone can be damaged by sudden temperature changes. Manufacturers recommend that hot pots and pans never be placed directly on the surface, and that a hot pad or trivet is used under portable cooking units.
When used as floor tiles, care is required in ensuring compatibility with the adhesive used. Reaction resin adhesives and rapid drying cementitious adhesives are generally successful, but bond failure or discoloration can occur with other cementitious adhesives. Additionally, agglomerate stone tiles are more sensitive to both thermal expansion and contraction and to dampness from underlying screeds, necessitating the inclusion of movement joints at a higher frequency than for stone or ceramic floor tiles (see for example British Standard BS -5: ) and verification by testing of the dryness of underlying layers.
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Although both the marble- and quartz-based engineered stones are created through a similar process, and multiple companies produce both at the same time, there are distinct differences in their properties and applications.
Marble is a relatively soft material which is prone to scratching, but simple to maintain. Typically it can be repeatedly polished until it becomes too thin. Marble is much more common and accessible around the world, and comes in a wider variety, which gives its engineered counterpart a significant edge in pricing, and more variety in pattern and colors. Engineered marble is typically used as flooring materials for large commercial projects such as hotels, shopping centers, business lobbies, where it combines the attractive appearance of marble with budget-friendly cost and reliable delivery time.
Quartz is a much harder material. The Mohs scale hardness of marble is roughly 3, whereas that of quartz is around 7. This makes it much more resistant to scratching, however it also makes re-polishing and general processing a more difficult task, which is why it is most commonly used for kitchen counter tops, where the value added through processing can offset its considerably higher cost.
There is also a difference between quartz and quartzite, which may be confused because of the similarities in the name. Quartz countertops are man-made even though quartz is a natural material. Quartzite countertops on the other hand are natural and they are considered to be a high end countertop material.[7]
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Italy was the most dominant country in the supply of engineered stone products from the s until the early s, especially in engineered marble. The growth of the Chinese economy has changed the market drastically as China now has the most producers and largest overall quantity produced. There are estimated to be more than 100 engineered stone suppliers in China alone. India also has roughly 40 slab producing units as of December . The original companies that operate Breton machines such as the Italian companies, Quarella, Santa Margherita and the Taiwanese company Romastone remain the most recognizable brands for marble. The private Spanish company Cosentino brand Silestone and the public Israeli company Caesarstone are the most recognizable brands for quartz, as well as Totem Quartz, an Iranian company which has a huge market in the middle east and Central Asia. Gulfstone, an Oman-based company, is the only producer of engineered quartz stone in the GCC. China is now probably the largest market for engineered marble due to new construction projects, while engineered quartz is primarily sold in North America and Europe as high end residential kitchen counter tops. [citation needed]
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As with any silica-containing stone, silicosis can result from breathing dust produced when cutting or processing engineered stone made with quartz. The risk of inhaling quartz dust can be mitigated by taking appropriate safety precautions.[10][11] Risk of silicosis is high when little or no safety precautions or protective equipment are used. This may occur in small shops or in countries where the industry is not regulated or monitored.[12][13]
In Australia, a National Dust Diseases Taskforce was established in July .[14] In Western Australia, legislation was introduced to support the early detection of silicosis caused by engineered stone.[15] Medical practitioners in Western Australia are advised to follow strict guidelines for the health surveillance of at risk workers.[16] In February Australian trade unions called for banning the importation of engineered stone into Australia.[17] In December of the same year, Australia became the first country to ban engineered stone in response to workers developing silicosis. The ban came into effect on 1 July . [18]
In California, 77 workers at quartz countertop fabrication shops have been diagnosed with silicosis as of July, . Inspections by safety officials in and showed that 72% of these shops were out of compliance with federal silica dust exposure standards. The state's Occupational Safety & Health Standards Board approved emergency regulations in December, .[19]
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For more information, please visit Calacatta Quartz Slab, Calacatta Quartz Stone.
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Countertops and backsplashes play a vital role in not just the functionality, but also in defining the aesthetics of a kitchen. There are numerous materials available in the market, but none of them combines beauty and functionality like Calacatta quartz.
This versatile material adds an elegant touch to a kitchen while being extremely functional and durable. Let&#;s explore the different aspects of Calacatta quartz countertops and backsplash, their varieties, aesthetic appeal and their advantages to help you make an informed choice for your next project.
Calacatta quartz has become an incredibly popular choice for kitchen and bathroom countertops and backsplashes in recent years. This engineered stone combines the durability and low maintenance of quartz with the attractive, bold veining of natural Calacatta marble. The result is a beautiful and versatile material perfect for designing modern, yet timeless spaces.
Calacatta quartz is an engineered stone made from crushed quartz bound together with resin and pigments. Quartz makes up over 90% of the material, making it extremely hard and non-porous. The signature white background and bold veining are achieved by adding minerals and pigments during manufacturing.
While they share the same common white and gray color scheme, patterns, colors and veining can vary between brands. This gives homeowners flexibility when selecting their preferred aesthetic.
When explaining the benefits of Calacatta quartz to homeowners, it&#;s important to emphasize that it offers the best qualities of natural stone and engineered quartz. The material resists staining, etching, and heat. Plus, it&#;s nonporous so it won&#;t harbor bacteria and its low maintenance and easy cleaning make Calacatta quartz an ideal choice for busy kitchens and bathrooms.
How does Calacatta quartz stack up against other popular countertop options?
Quartz is generally considered superior to marble in terms of:
Some cons of marble include staining, etching from acids and pitting over time. Quartz offers better long-term resilience and keeps its just-installed look.
However, marble still holds a few advantages. Marble conveys an elegant, timeless look that quartz cannot precisely duplicate. And as a natural material, no two marble slabs are exactly the same.
The choice ultimately comes down to priorities. For low maintenance and reliability, quartz usually wins. But for a classic luxurious aesthetic, marble still reigns supreme.
Calacatta quartz makes a versatile foundation for a variety of designs. In contemporary kitchens and baths, designers can pair Calacatta quartz with polished nickel fixtures and clean lines for a sleek, modern look. Highlight the stone&#;s veining with contrasting grout or backsplash tiles.
For traditional spaces, the quartz can be complemented with brass hardware, apron-front sinks and wood accents. Open shelving and wood island tops can add warmth against the Calacatta quartz counters.
Adding textures like marble tile, nickel pulls and wood cabinetry helps to create visual interest. Avoid matching all elements to the white quartz. Thoughtful pairings with contrasting finishes enhance kitchens and bathrooms with the refined, adaptable beauty of Calacatta quartz.
Commonly with white and gray tones, Calacatta quartz adds understated sophistication to kitchens. The neutral palette works well in both traditional and contemporary spaces. Integrated sinks can seamlessly match the countertop for a streamlined look.
Calacatta quartz comes in several colors and patterns beyond the traditional white and gray veins. There are options like gold, cream, taupe, brown and black that pair beautifully with cabinets and countertops.
The backsplash can be designed in a classic subway tile layout or cut into other unique shapes. Combining different Calacatta varieties or adding other stone materials like marble can also create contrast.
Mosaic styles and artistic patterns are also possible. Ambitious designers can blend small Calacatta pieces with tiles of different colors and textures for a modern, eclectic look.
Depending on the project&#;s design needs, Calacatta quartz backsplashes can range from simple to ornate. An experienced kitchen designer can help select the right style.
A Calacatta quartz backsplash offers durability, easy maintenance and design flexibility. Plus, the elegance and longevity make it a worthwhile investment for many homeowners. With proper care, it will keep kitchens looking beautiful for decades.
With its adaptable yet refined aesthetic, Calacatta quartz makes a stunning addition to all styles of kitchen decor.
In traditional kitchens, Calacatta quartz lends a classic, timeless beauty mimicking marble without the high maintenance. Kitchen features like warm wood cabinetry paired with pretty molding and brass hardware further enhance the traditional aesthetic. For a French country style, consider a classic subway tile backsplash in crisp white.
For contemporary kitchens, Calacatta quartz provides an upscale yet understated foundation. If your client prefers a low-profile white kitchen, the neutral palette keeps the focus on modern elements like sleek cabinetry, stainless steel appliances and statement lighting fixtures. Glass or metal backsplashes in silver, gray or white nicely complement the countertops.
Calacatta quartz also works well in transitional kitchens, blending traditional and contemporary aspects. Mixing white cabinets with dark wood island countertops grounds the light quartz. Add vintage-inspired hardware and pendant lighting for personality.
No matter the design style of your clients, Calacatta quartz brings elegance and versatility. Careful planning for adjacent materials can highlight the desired aesthetic.
A Calacatta quartz backsplash can completely transform the look and feel of a kitchen. This elegant white and gray dynamic stone offers many advantages over other backsplash materials.
Unlike natural stone, Calacatta quartz is stain resistant from wine, coffee or tomato sauce spills. It&#;s nonporous so liquids cannot penetrate the surface. Homeowners can simply wipe them away without leaving a trace.
To clean Calacatta quartz, homeowners can use a soft cloth or sponge with warm water and mild soap. For dried spills, a nonabrasive cleaning pad can help remove them without damaging the surface.
It&#;s also important to explain to your clients that Calacatta quartz does not need to be sealed or regularly polished like natural marble. The lack of pores prevents staining and absorption, making maintenance quite simple.
While chemicals cannot damage properly polished Calacatta quartz, homeowners should avoid using products containing acids or alkaline solutions. A pH-neutral stone soap cleaner is the safest choice.
Bring elegant, luxurious Calacatta quartz into your projects with Vadara Quartz. Our Calacatta quartz countertops and backsplashes combine natural inspiration with superior engineering and unparalleled durability to rejuvenate any kitchen or bathroom.
Calacatta quartz from Vadara Quartz is the perfect foundation for any interior design vision. The adaptable palette complements both contemporary and traditional designs with vivid artistic details that transform ordinary spaces into enduring masterpieces.
With our Calacatta quartz countertops and backsplashes, you can create enduring spaces with timeless beauty.
If you&#;re ready to elevate projects and impress your clients with Calacatta quartz, contact us today or find a gallery near you.
For more Super Jumbo Quartz Slabsinformation, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.