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Growing Oysters helps protect the environment, in addition to providing us with a very nutritious food.
They are a natural solution to water pollution. Each oyster can filter algae and particles from 190 liters of water per day (about 15l / h). That means an oyster farm with 1 million oysters can filter 3.785 billion liters of water per day.
Farmed oysters can also release millions of eggs each year (if these are not laboratory based). Oyster larvae disperse and colonize nearby areas. In this way, oyster farms can help establish and supplement wild oyster populations. Or as an alternative Intermas is proposing the Oyster Reef Mesh, to be able to put the dead shells or waste from the restaurants, to make artificial reefs, giving a habitat to natural banks and other species. In addition, 100gr of shell fix 12gr of Carbon dissolved in the water, this contributes to the fixation of Carbon (Blue Carbon).
Although "off-bottom" sounds pretty straightforward, there's actually a huge variety of off-bottom methods. These methods vary mainly because of the oyster gear a grower decides to use. Growers typically decide their equipment based on the geography of their farm-site and personal preference. For example, if oysters are grown on a beach, off-bottom culturing may be the only viable grow-out method because otherwise, oysters would risk getting buried as the sand shifts with weather.
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The main advantage of off-bottom methods is the opposite of bottom culturing's disadvantages. As you will see, oysters are typically enclosed and protected in off-bottom methods, so a grower has the potential to lose less oysters to weather. This means a better overall yield. The disadvantages, though, include more money spent on gear and more work keeping the gear from fouling. Sometimes there is a tendency for oysters to be brittle because they are so pampered, but there are many techniques growers use to strengthen the shell (e.g. tumbling). We won't get into oyster growing techniques... that can be a whole discussion in itself.
Here are some off-bottom methods that are commonly used.
Cages are exactly what they sound like. They house oyster grow-out mesh bags and keep them secure from floating away or touching the bottom. Cages require a pretty stable bottom because they are quite heavy and may sink into the mud if the bottom is too soft. On our farm, we use cages when the oysters are still very young and not ready for bottom-planting. This gives them more protection than the open water and more space to grow than the upweller. Growers may decide to solely use cages as their only grow-out method, but we cage culture and bottom culture our oysters -- an example of how bottom and off-bottom methods are not mutually exclusive.
In rack-and-bag culture, oysters are placed into oyster grow-out bags, then tied to a steel rebar rack. This method is highly dependent on the tidal range of an area. The area would need low enough tides for growers to access the bags as shown above.
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