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Riprap used to protect a streambank from erosion

Riprap (in North American English), also known as rip rap, rip-rap, shot rock, rock armour (in British English) or rubble, is human-placed rock or other material used to protect shoreline structures against scour and water, wave, or ice erosion.[1][2][3] Riprap is used to armor shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, foundational infrastructure supports and other shoreline structures against erosion.[1][2][3] Common rock types used include granite and modular concrete blocks.[4][5] Rubble from building and paving demolition is sometimes used,[3][6] as well as specifically designed structures called tetrapods or similar concrete blocks. Riprap is also used underwater to cap immersed tubes sunken on the seabed to be joined into an undersea tunnel.[citation needed]

Environmental effects

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Sediment effects

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Riprap causes morphological changes in the riverbeds they surround. One such change is the reduction of sediment settlement in the river channel, which can lead to scouring of the river bed as well as coarser sediment particles. This can be combatted by increasing the distance between the pieces of riprap and using a variety of sizes.[7]

The usage of riprap may not even stop erosion, but simply move it downstream.[8] Additionally, the soil beneath the riprap can be eroded if the rock was just placed on top without any buffer between the layers such as a geotextile fabric or smaller riprap (crushed stone).[9]

Changes in organic material and the ecosystem

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Riprap affects the amount of organic material in a waterbody by acting as a filter, catching wood and leaves before they can enter the water.[8] Riprap also covers and prevents plants from growing through, which can reduce shade over the water.

Introducing ripraps creates a rocky environment which can affect the ecology of a waterbody by making the ecosystem more heterogeneous.[10] While it can negatively affect some organisms by removing shoreline vegetation, the rock can provide important refuge for invertebrates and small fish.[8][11] By preventing woody plants from growing and shading the water, riprap can also increase the amount of algae and hydrophytes.[12]

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See also

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References

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Gabions

From Massachusetts Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines for Urban and Suburban Areas

Description

Gabions are rectangular baskets fabricated from a hexagonal mesh of heavily galvanized steel wire. The baskets are filled with rock and stacked atop one another to form a gravity- type wall. Gabions depend mainly on the interlocking of the individual stones and rocks within the wire mesh for internal stability, and their mass or weight to resist hydraulic and earth forces. Gabions are a porous type of structure that can sometimes be vegetated. Gabions are considered to be a "hard" structural solution that has minimal habitat and aesthetic value.

Applicability

Gabions are used to slow the velocity of concentrated runoff or to stabilize slopes with seepage problems and/or non-cohesive soils. Gabions can be used at soil-water interfaces, where the soil conditions, water turbulence, water velocity, and expected vegetative cover are such that the soil may erode under the design flow conditions. Gabions can be used on steeper slopes than riprap and are sometimes the only feasible option for stabilizing an area where there is not enough room to accommodate a "softer", vegetated solution.

Advantages

Some advantages of gabion walls are:

• Ease of handling and transportation
• Speed of construction
• Flexibility (Gabions tolerate movement)
• Permeability to water (Good drainage)
• Gabions offer an easy-to-use method for decreasing water velocity and protecting slopes from erosion.

Disadvantages/Problems

• Gabions are sometimes criticized as being unsightly. They can be made more attractive by use of attractive facing stone toward the front of the wall and by establishing vegetation in the spaces between the rocks.
• Low habitat value.
• Gabions are more expensive than either vegetated slopes or riprap.
• The wire baskets used for gabions may be subject to heavy wear and tear due to wire abrasion by bedload movement in streams with high velocity flow.
• Difficult to install, requiring large equipment.

Planning Considerations

For easy handling and shipping, gabions are supplied folded into a flat position and bundled together. Gabions are readily assembled by unfolding and binding together all vertical edges with lengths of connecting wire stitched around the vertical edges. The empty gabions are placed in position and wired to adjoining gabions. They are then filled with cobblestone-size rock (10-30 cm in diameter) to one-third their depth. Connecting wires, placed in each direction, brace opposing gabion walls together. The wires prevent the gabion baskets from "bulging" as they are filled. This operation is repeated until the gabion is filled. After filling, the top is folded shut and wired to the ends, sides, and diaphragms. During the filling operation live rooting plant species, such as willow, may be placed among the rocks. If this is done, some soil should be placed in the gabions with the branches, and the basal ends of the plants should extend well into the backfill area behind the gabion breast wall.

Several diffierent design configurations are possible with gabions. They may have either a battered (sloping) or a stepped-back front. The choice depends upon application, although the stepped-back type is generally easier to build when the wall is more than 10 feet high. If large rocks are readily accessible, inexpensive, and near the proposed site, then their use in construction of a rock wall may be preferable. On the other hand, if rock must be imported or is only available in small sizes, a gabion wall may be preferable.

Sequence of Construction

• Since gabions are used where erosion potential is high, construction must be sequenced so that they are put in place with the minimum possible delay. Disturbance of areas where gabions are to be placed should be undertaken only when final preparation and placement can follow immediately behind the initial disturbance.
• Where gabions are used for outlet protection, they should be placed before or in conjunction with the construction of the pipe or channel so that they are in place when the pipe or channel begins to operate.

Maintenance

• Gabions should be inspected on a regular basis and after every large storm event.
• All temporary and permanent erosion and sediment control practices shall be maintained and repaired as needed to assure continued performance of their intended function.
• All maintenance and repair shall be conducted in accordance with an approved manual.

References

Connecticut Council on Soil and Water Conservation, Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control, Hartford, CT, January, .

Gray, Donald H. and Leiser, A. T., Biotechnical Slope Protection and Erosion Control, Leiser Van Reinhold Inc., .

Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of, Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation, Erosion and Sediment Pollution Control Program Manual, Harrisburg, PA, April, .

Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Massachusetts Sediment and Erosion Control Guidelines for Urban and Suburban Areas..

Freeman, G. and Fischenich, C., Gabions for Streambank Erosion Control,

Gabions are rectangular baskets fabricated from a hexagonal mesh of heavily galvanized steel wire. The baskets are filled with rock and stacked atop one another to form a gravity- type wall. Gabions depend mainly on the interlocking of the individual stones and rocks within the wire mesh for internal stability, and their mass or weight to resist hydraulic and earth forces. Gabions are a porous type of structure that can sometimes be vegetated. Gabions are considered to be a "hard" structural solution that has minimal habitat and aesthetic value.Gabions are used to slow the velocity of concentrated runoff or to stabilize slopes with seepage problems and/or non-cohesive soils. Gabions can be used at soil-water interfaces, where the soil conditions, water turbulence, water velocity, and expected vegetative cover are such that the soil may erode under the design flow conditions. Gabions can be used on steeper slopes than riprap and are sometimes the only feasible option for stabilizing an area where there is not enough room to accommodate a "softer", vegetated solution.Some advantages of gabion walls are:For easy handling and shipping, gabions are supplied folded into a flat position and bundled together. Gabions are readily assembled by unfolding and binding together all vertical edges with lengths of connecting wire stitched around the vertical edges. The empty gabions are placed in position and wired to adjoining gabions. They are then filled with cobblestone-size rock (10-30 cm in diameter) to one-third their depth. Connecting wires, placed in each direction, brace opposing gabion walls together. The wires prevent the gabion baskets from "bulging" as they are filled. This operation is repeated until the gabion is filled. After filling, the top is folded shut and wired to the ends, sides, and diaphragms. During the filling operation live rooting plant species, such as willow, may be placed among the rocks. If this is done, some soil should be placed in the gabions with the branches, and the basal ends of the plants should extend well into the backfill area behind the gabion breast wall.Several diffierent design configurations are possible with gabions. They may have either a battered (sloping) or a stepped-back front. The choice depends upon application, although the stepped-back type is generally easier to build when the wall is more than 10 feet high. If large rocks are readily accessible, inexpensive, and near the proposed site, then their use in construction of a rock wall may be preferable. On the other hand, if rock must be imported or is only available in small sizes, a gabion wall may be preferable.Connecticut Council on Soil and Water Conservation, Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control, Hartford, CT, January, .Gray, Donald H. and Leiser, A. T., Biotechnical Slope Protection and Erosion Control, Leiser Van Reinhold Inc., .Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of, Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation, Erosion and Sediment Pollution Control Program Manual, Harrisburg, PA, April, .Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Massachusetts Sediment and Erosion Control Guidelines for Urban and Suburban Areas..Freeman, G. and Fischenich, C., Gabions for Streambank Erosion Control, http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/sr22.pdf

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