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Floor joists are supporting members used in building floors that span over an open space and between load-bearing walls and structural beams. They are placed parallel and equidistant to each other, and connect to vertical members like studs and support beams which distribute weight across the rest of the framing.
Individual joists need to be able to support the anticipated load for the building over long periods of time. It is important to have joists at the right depth for a project, because they provide critical stability for a floor or ceiling system.
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Joists are usually spaced one or two feet apart. The required joist depth gets larger depending on how far apart each joist is from each other. This limits stress on the joists and prevents deflection over time. A general rule for sizing joist depth is to take half of the intended joist span in feet, add two, and then use that number in inches. For example, a 12-foot span would require a joist span of 8 inches:
12 ft. / 2 = 6
6 + 2 = 8-inch joist span
Blocking the spaces between joists with smaller pieces of wood can reduce this stress and increase overall stability in the floor framing. A floor frame can have more strength if it is built with engineered wood joists instead of the more common farmed lumber. Prefabricated joist options such as I-joists increase the overall depth and are made with higher quality wood.
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