As we celebrate the 20th anniversary of humans living and working in space aboard the International Space Station, you may ask, why? Why would humankind live and work in space? President Ronald Reagan answered this question best:
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Keep reading below to see the answers to more of the most frequently asked questions about this achievement in science and international cooperation.
The International Space Station (ISS) is Earth&#;s only microgravity laboratory that has allowed more than 3,600 researchers in 106 countries to conduct more than 2,500 experiments &#; and the research continues. The space station is a symbol of international cooperation that has benefited life back on Earth economically, technologically, scientifically and educationally.
At dawn or dusk you&#;ll be able to see the space station with your bare eyes as the third brightest object in the sky. It will also be moving across the sky, similar to an airplane, but without flashing lights. Track where the ISS is right now using NASA&#;s Spot The Station tool.
The ISS is constructed of many connected modules called &#;nodes&#; connecting the station together. The solar arrays are connected to the station with a long truss, which controls the space station&#;s temperature. The ISS also has robotic arms mounted outside the station.
The space station orbits Earth at an average altitude of 227 nautical miles/420 kilometers above Earth.
The ISS measures 357 feet or 108 meters from end-to-end, which is about the size of an American football field. The space station has a mass of nearly 1 million pounds. When it comes to living in space, the ISS is larger than a six-bedroom house.
The ISS travels at about 17,500 miles/28,000 kilometers per hour. At this speed, the ISS orbits the Earth every 90 minutes, which gives the crew 16 sunrises and sunsets every day. Since humans have been living and working on the space station, it has orbited Earth tens of thousands of times.
Plans for the ISS first began 36 years ago when President Ronald Reagan directed NASA to develop a permanently internationally crewed space station. Over 20 years ago, in , the first modules of the ISS were launched into space. Now in November , the ISS will celebrate 20 years of humankind permanently occupying the space station.
The partnership of five space agencies representing 15 countries provide for and operate the ISS. These countries include the United States, Russia, Canada, Japan and the participating countries of the European Space Agency.
Constructing the ISS was a joint mission over the course of 13 years by many countries including the United States, Russia, Japan and Europe. Different modules of the ISS were constructed on Earth by thousands of engineers and launched by Russia&#;s Proton rocket and the United States&#; space shuttles.
Fun Fact: Space shuttle Atlantis on display at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex delivered the U.S. laboratory module Destiny along with many other vital components.
As of mid-October , six astronauts are aboard the ISS. Keep up to date with who is on the station at NASA ISS webpage. Four astronauts are preparing to launch soon on a SpaceX Crew Dragon, including NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover, Shannon Walker and JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi. Learn more about this launch and other upcoming launches on the launch calendar.
The average mission length for an astronaut is six months or 182 days, but the amount of time varies based on their mission.
Astronaut Scott Kelly holds the record for the longest single spaceflight at 340 days. For the longest cumulative days in space, astronaut Peggy Whitson holds the record at a total of 665 days.
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Fun Fact: Astronaut Scott Kelly is one of the Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees. Visit the Astronaut Hall of Fame to learn more about this prestigious honor.
A total of 240 astronauts from 19 different countries have been aboard the ISS.
The ISS is designed to support a crew of six people at one time.
An astronaut's primary job while on the space station is to conduct scientific experiments and maintain the space station. When not working, astronauts do a lot of the same things we do on Earth. Astronauts also complete a two-hour daily exercise program to remain fit. They eat a variety of foods, although some of it has to be rehydrated. When astronauts are ready to sleep, they stay in special sleep bags secured to the ways of their crew quarters.
Fun Fact: The Space Shuttle Atlantis® exhibit contains the ISS: Triumph of Technology section that contains real space-flown artifacts from the ISS.
In order to maintain and upgrade the ISS, over 227 spacewalks have been completed.
More than 2,800 experiments have been conducted so far.
Fun Fact: Part of one such experiment was conducted here at the visitor complex&#;s Mars Base 1 botany lab, to learn how microgravity affected the growth of tomatoes.
Over the years, many activities and research projects have been completed. For example, advances have been made in saliva testing to detect active viruses which allows for faster, less-invasive testing. Additionally, over 500 microgravity protein crystal-growth investigations have been conducted. This research helps find better treatments for diseases such as cancer and muscular dystrophy.
The ever-growing body of research that has been conducted on the ISS has given many insights into the needs of future lunar explorers. NASA&#;s next step for space exploration is to set up a permanent base for humans to live on the Moon &#; the long duration human spaceflight aboard the ISS has provided many answers on how that will happen. The ISS has led to advances in spacesuit design, experience on spacewalks and the creation of strong meteorite protection.
U.S. Voyager spacecraft, shown in an artist's depiction. The main body of the craft, located behind the large dish antenna used for communication with Earth, houses its navigation system, radio transmitters, and computers. Projecting above the antenna are cameras, spectrometers, and other instruments. The two thin rod antennas feed receivers that monitor planetary radio emissions and plasma-magnetosphere interactions. On the long boom (lower right) are magnetometers for measuring solar and planetary magnetic fields. The spacecraft's power source&#;three generators that convert the heat from radioactive isotope decay into electricity&#;occupy the canister between the rod antennas.
NASA/JPL/CaltechA space probe is an uncrewed spacecraft that flies into outer space. It may land on the Moon, planets, or other astronomical bodies, go into orbit around them, or fly past them. Its purpose is to conduct research. It contains cameras and advanced equipment so that it can send pictures back to Earth by radio. The first successful space probe took place in with the Soviet Luna 1, which passed within 3,725 miles (5,995 kilometers) of the Moon&#;s surface after 83 hours of flight. It then went into orbit around the Sun, between the orbits of Earth and Mars. In the United States launched Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 from rockets. These space probes explored all the giant planets of our outer solar system (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), 48 of their moons, and the unique system of rings and magnetic fields for each of those planets. Since then, numerous countries have sent many probes into the solar system on a variety of different missions.
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