Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to -260°F (-162°C) at normal air pressure at which point it becomes a liquid (liquefaction). LNG takes up 618 times less space by volume than in its gaseous state &#; similar to reducing the volume of a beach ball to the volume of a ping pong ball. This makes LNG far more practical and efficient to transport and store prior to being warmed back to natural gas (regasification). LNG is odorless, non-toxic, and non-corrosive. Without an ignition source, LNG evaporates quickly and disperses, leaving no residue. There is no environmental cleanup needed for LNG spills on water or land.
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LNG is primarily composed of Methane (85.6% &#; 96.6%), Ethane (3.2% &#; 8.5%), and Propane (0.0% &#; 3.0%).
LNG is available domestically and is imported. The U.S. has abundant domestic natural gas reserves. Natural gas can be cooled to a liquid form (LNG), stored, and transported as needed.
The primary sources of imported LNG are Trinidad, Tobago, Egypt, Norway, Peru, Qatar and Yemen.
LNG is a pure form of natural gas that is neither toxic nor carcinogenic. It emits much less air emissions than other fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. LNG is a very clean and reliable natural gas for heating, cooling, and for power. While in liquid form, it can be stored and transported at a much lower cost than in its gaseous state.
LNG in a liquid form can be converted back into a gas state with the use of a vaporizer also known as regasification.
LNG in a liquid form does not burn because it does not contain oxygen. LNG vapors are flammable, but only when (1) mixed in a 5-15% concentration with air and (2) an ignition source present. If the concentration is lower than 5% it cannot burn due to insufficient fuel. If the concentration is higher than 15% it cannot burn due to insufficient oxygen.
LNG is non-toxic, non-corrosive, and odorless. When exposed to the environment, LNG will evaporate rapidly, leaving no residue on soil or water. If LNG is spilled, nothing would remain as it evaporates and disperses quickly. When converted to natural gas and compared to No. 2 fuel oil it can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 25% and sulfur dioxide emissions by 99%.
LNG tankers are designed for safety. They are constructed with an outer vessel of carbon steel and an inner pressure vessel made from aluminum or stainless steel. There are several inches of insulation and a vacuum between the outer jacked and inner pressure vessel. The double-walled construction of an LNG tanker is more durable than a similar tanker truck design for the transportation of other liquid fuels such as diesel. LNG tankers also feature safety equipment such as pressure relief valves, and safety shut off valves.
LNG truck transportation is regulated by two divisions of the United States Department of Transportation: the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Some state agencies also regulate LNG trucking. The National Fire Protection Agency sets the codes and standards for the handling of LNG, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers sets standards for the design, fabrication, inspection and testing of LNG tankers.
It is the use of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), portable LNG Vaporizers and LNG Cryogenic Tankers (transport trailers) to provide a temporary supply of Natural Gas to a gas distributions system.
A portable LNG Vaporizer is positioned at an appropriate site and connected to a gas distribution system.
LNG is brought in by double walled MC-338 cyrogenic tankers which are then connected to the vaporizer.
The LNG is vaporized directly off the cryogenic tankers into the gas system, as required to maintain pressures up to 50 psig.
There's been a lot of buzz in transportation about natural gas as the next frontier in fuel. Here are nine facts about the alternative fuel:
The U.S. Energy Information Administration predicts there is enough natural gas to last about 92 years. There was 24 trillion cubic feet of U.S.-marketed natural gas produced in . Texas is No. 1 in production of natural gas with 7.1 Tcf, followed by Louisiana (3 Tcf) and Wyoming (2.2 Tcf).
Recent approvals of liquefied natural gas facilities will give the U.S. the ability to export 5.6 billion cubic feet of natural gas daily, but these volumes won't start shipping until . Natural gas production has increased 26% in the last five years, pushing the cost of natural gas down. In fact, natural gas prices are down 59% since .
There are two types of natural gas in trucking: compressed (CNG) and liquified (LNG). Compressed natural gas has about 25% of the energy density of diesel; liquified natural gas has about 60% the energy density of diesel. The bottom line is that each type of fuel presents a fuel capacity challenge to meet a driving range comparable to diesel. In transportation, the thought has been that CNG would be good for short hauls, and LNG would be good for long hauls. This paradigm, however, may be shifting.
Contact us to discuss your requirements of lng trailers. Our experienced sales team can help you identify the options that best suit your needs.
The cost of diesel in August was about $3.90 per gallon, down about 15 cents from August . This natural gas cost calculator from Freightliner shows that compressed natural gas is about $1.98 per diesel gallons equivalent and liquefied natural gas is about $1.75 per diesel gallons equivalent. This means that truck drivers could save $1.50 to $2 per gallon using natural gas over diesel.
This huge gap in cost is because motor carriers may want to buy multiple natural gas fuel tanks to pump up the number of miles between refueling. Another obstacle to natural gas in trucking is that the cost per mile is 2-3 cents more than the cost per mile in a diesel truck. But the savings of fueling with natural gas can make up for the higher cost of buying a natural gas truck.
What can brown do for you? It can ship your stuff in a natural gas powered vehicle. United Parcel Service says it can save 40% in fuel costs by running its long-haul trucks on natural gas instead of gasoline or diesel. The world's largest package delivery company said it plans to buy about 1,000 liquefied natural gas tractors in the next two years.
There are many incentives for using natural gas, including seven federal incentives listed by the Department of Energy. These include tax credits and technology loans. At the federal level, there also are nine laws and regulations and 11 programs related to using natural gas. DOE has a searchable database by state to discover laws and incentives that may apply to your business. In Wisconsin, home of HNI headquarters, for example, taxi drivers using alternative fuel may be reimbursed for the paid amount of the state fuel tax.
Natural gas' lower carbon content means it burns cleaner than diesel. Natural gas trucks release fewer greenhouse gases, including 20-30% less carbon dioxide, 70-90% less carbon monoxide, and 89% fewer volatile organic compounds.
A drawback to natural gas, however, is that leaks of natural gas are 70 times more potent than carbon dioxide.
Clean Energy Fuels has 76 liquefied natural gas stations and plans to add 30-50 more by the end of . Shell plans to add LNG refueling stations to up to 100 TravelCenters of America and Petro Stopping Centers. A Chinese company (ENN) has expressed interest in building 500 LNG stations.
According to the Department of Energy, in the United States, there are:
To compare, there are more than 6,000 electric stations. (The Energy Department figures exclude private stations.)
These figures reveal transportation's chicken-and-egg problem when it comes to natural gas: Which will come first &#; the trucks, or the fueling stations?
If the LNG refueling station infrastructure takes off, there could be 275,000 heavy-duty natural gas vehicles sold in . That's according to a projection by the federal Energy Information Administration. To compare, there were only 860 of those vehicles sold in .
That would take a truck from HNI HQ in the Milwaukee suburbs to Tupelo, Mississippi, with about 20 miles to spare. There are 10 compressed natural gas stations on the route, but none are south of the Chicago suburbs. There are zero liquefied natural gas stations on the route. (This means you'd have a really hard time getting back to Milwaukee.)
What's surprising you about natural gas? Please share below in comments.
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