The excellent stability of mixed metal oxide (MMO) coated titanium anodes have been used for almost 30 years. MMO coated titanium anodes are used in various environments such as seawater brackish water fresh water carbon backfill and concrete. However many structure owners and CP engineers use MMO coated titanium anodes only specfy the sizes without understanding the characteristics limitations and evaluation method of the anodes.
MMO coatings for cathodic protection are mainly divided into three types iridium oxide (IrO2-x) ruthenium oxide (RuO2-x) and its mixture. In addition titanium oxide (TiO2-x) and tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) are also used as the bulk materials. When MMO coated anodes discharge CP current the coating is slowly consumed. The consumption rates of MMO coatings are varies based on the chemical compositions and the environments.
Generally iridium oxide based MMO coating is mainly used for oxygen evolution and ruthenium oxide coating is used for chlorine gas evolution. Recently NACE developed and modified the acceleration anode life test method using acid solutions (H2SO4 NaSO4 etc.). Recently NACE published the life acceleration tests using acid solution. Ruthenium coating is consumed at higher rates under working condition in strong acid solution it needs to considered in actual anode performance. Iridium MMO coated anode can provide much longer life than ruthenium MMO coated anode with the same thickness when they discharge current in the same environment. The cost of iridium is much more expensive than that of ruthenium; however iridium MMO coating is typically used when chlorine evolution is concerned.
This paper will discuss the characteristics limitations and evaluation method of various MMO coatings. In addition the distributions of iridium and ruthenium in various commercially available MMO coatings are also discussed.
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ABSTRACT
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The excellent stability of mixed metal oxide (MMO) coated titanium anodes have been used in the cathodic protection industry for almost 30 years. MMO coated titanium anodes are used in various environments, including seawater, brackish water, fresh water, carbon backfill, and concrete. However, many structure owners and CP engineers simply specify MMO coated titanium anodes by size, life, current rate or manufacturer&#;s name without understanding the characteristics, limitations and evaluation method of the MMO anodes. In addition, there is some confusion in the industry regarding the breaking potential of MMO titanium anodes.
This paper discusses the background, characteristics, limitations and evaluation methods of MMO coated titanium anodes and the breaking potentials.
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